Captive Structure type filter selection
Learn more about Captive structures and how to choose the right one
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Alabama
2006
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
15-30 days
Unavailable
Average Cost
Commissioner discretion based on type / nature / volume of business; Single-Parent, $250,000; Association, $500,000; Industrial, $500,000; Cell, $250,000; Reciprocal, $1,000,000
Commissioner discretion based on type / nature / volume of business
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Risk Retention Groups; Reinsurance; Reciprocal
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-86.79113
32.806671
us-onshore
Text Link
Anguilla
Unavailable
Unavailable
$705,175,654
Unavailable
3-4 weeks
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
1.9:1
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies;
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-63.068615
18.220554
us-offshore
Text Link
Arizona
2002
Unavailable
$11,960,000,000
Unavailable
30-45 days
No routine exams except for Captive RRGs (generally every five years)
Varies
Single-Parent, $250,0000; Group, $500,000; Association, $500,000; Agency, $500,000; Protected Cell, $500,000
Varies based on risk profile
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Risk Retention Groups
176
151
5
10
Unavailable
5
-111.093735
34.048927
us-onshore
Text Link
Arkansas
2001
Unavailable
$397,454,000
$1,037,000,000
30 - 60 days
Unavailable
Unavailable
Association, $400,000; Industrial Insured, $200,000; Single-Parent, $100,000; Special Purpose, $300,000; Sponsored, $250,000; Producer Reinsurance, $300,000
Single-Parent and Industrial Insured not subject to any restrictions on allowable investments; Single-Parent, $150,000; Association (Stock), $350,000; Mutual insurer, $750,000; Industrial Insured, $300,000 (Stock), $500,000 (Mutual); Special Purpose, $300,000; Sponsored, $250,000; Producer Reinsurance, $300,000
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Risk Retention Groups; Special Purpose; Special Purpose Financial
16
12
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
2
-92.289597
34.746483
us-onshore
Text Link
Australia
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
3 months
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
133.775136
-25.274398
international
Text Link
Bahamas
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
30 - 60 days
Unavailable
Unavailable
General Insurance Business, B$100,000; Long-Term Insurance Business: B$200,000
Unavailable
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-77.39628
25.03428
us-offshore
Text Link
Bailiwick of Guernsey
Unavailable
5
Unavailable
Unavailable
4 - 6 Weeks
Unavailable
Unavailable
General Business, €100,000; Long Term Business, €250,000
Risk-based solvency regime tailored to Captives
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Special Purpose; Special Purpose Financial
Unavailable
138
Unavailable
Unavailable
123
61
-2.58949
49.448196
international
Text Link
Barbados
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
3 weeks
Unavailable
Unavailable
Class 1 (related risks), $125,000
Unavailable
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Risk Retention Groups
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-59.543198
13.193887
us-offshore
Text Link
Bermuda
1978
16
$28,271,000,000
$144,744,000,000
2-4 weeks
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent (Class 1), $120,000; Group/SPC (Class 2, with <20% Third-Party business), $250,000; SPC/Group/Association/Agency (Class 3, with 20% to 50% Third-Party business), $1,000,000
Unavailable
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Special Purpose; Special Purpose Financial
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-64.75737
32.321384
us-offshore
Text Link
British Columbia
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
90 days or less
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent/Association/Sophisticated, CAD300,000
Unavailable
Single-Parent; Association
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-127.647621
53.726669
international
Text Link
British Virgin Islands
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
3-6 weeks
Unavailable
Unavailable
Property & Casualty Insurers, $100,000; Life & Health Insurers, $200,000
Property and Casualty Insurers (<$500,000 in new written premiums), $100,000; Property and Casualty Insurers ($500,000-$5,000,000 in new written premiums), 20% of NWP; Property and Casualty (>$5,000,000), $1,000,000 + 10% of the difference between NWP and $5,000,000); Life and Health Insurers, $250,000
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Special Purpose
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-64.639968
18.420695
us-offshore
Text Link
Cayman Islands
Unavailable
41
$14,100,000,000
$48,600,000,000
6 weeks or less
Unavailable
Unavailable
Class B(i) (At least 95% related business premium), $100,000; Class B(ii) (Over 50% related business premium), $150,000; Class B(iii) (50% or less related business premium), $200,000
Unavailable
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Special Purpose; Special Purpose Financial
Unavailable
286
127
Unavailable
Unavailable
154
-81.2546
19.3133
us-offshore
Text Link
Colorado
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
90 days
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent, $500,000 (may require additional)
Captive Return Premium Exemption (Section 10-6-128(1) C.R.S.) and Captive Receipt of Assets Exemption (Section 10-6-128(2)(e) C.R.S.)
Single-Parent; Group; Risk Retention Groups
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-105.782067
39.550051
us-onshore
Text Link
Connecticut
2012
10
$801,141,643
$3,248,835,378
1-4 weeks
Unavailable
Unavailable
Commissioner authority to reduced capital amounts based on Captive risk profile; Single-Parent/Special Purpose Financial, $250,000; Sponsored/Sponsored (Licensed as Special Purpose Financial Vehicle), $225,000; Association/Industrial Insured, $500,000; Risk Retention Group, $1,000,000;
Commissioner authority based on Captive risk profile
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Risk Retention Groups; Special Purpose; Special Purpose Financial
53
31
Unavailable
2
24
17
-73.087749
41.603221
us-onshore
Text Link
Curaçao
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
60 days or less
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent; Group; Risk Retention Groups
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-68.990021
12.16957
international
Text Link
Delaware
1984, rewritten in 2005
Unavailable
$4,307,000,000
$47,798,000,000
60 days or less
Unavailable
Unavailable
Must be maintained in as cash, irrevocable letter of credit, or any assets as approved by the Commissioner who has discretion to prescribe additional capitalization; Single-Parent, $250,000; Agency, $250,000; Association, $250,000; Branch, $250,000; Special Purpose, $250,000; Industrial Insured, $500,000; Sponsored, $500,000; RRG, $1,000,000;
Maintained in as cash, irrevocable letter of credit, or any assets as approved by the Commissioner who has discretion to prescribe additional surplus
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Risk Retention Groups; Special Purpose; Special Purpose Financial
670
262
50
1
353
Unavailable
-75.52767
38.910832
us-onshore
Text Link
Denmark
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
180 days
Unavailable
Unavailable
Long-Term (Direct), €3,200,000; Other (Direct): €2,200,000; Reinsurance Captive: €1,000,000; Reinsurance company: €3,000,000
Unavailable
Single-Parent
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
9.501785
56.26392
international
Text Link
District of Columbia
2000, rewritten in 2004
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
20 days or less
Unavailable
Unavailable
$100,000 for all companies
Single-Parent, $150,000; Association (Stock), $300,000; Agency/Rental/(Mutual) Captive, $500,000; Protected Cell/RRGs, 3:1; Higher for other Captives
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Risk Retention Groups; Special Purpose; Special Purpose Financial
194
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-77.03637
38.89511
us-onshore
Text Link
Dubai
Unavailable
1
$71,000,000
$550,000,000
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Class 1 (Single-Parent), $150,000; Class 2 (20% unrelated), $250,000; Class 3 (Group), $1,000,000; PCC, $50,000 per Cell
Unavailable
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Special Purpose
Unavailable
5
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
55.296249
25.276987
international
Text Link
Egypt
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
4 weeks
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Risk Retention Groups
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
30.802498
26.820553
international
Text Link
Federated States of Micronesia
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
30 days
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent (with or without third party risk), $100,000; Multiple Corporate (modified PCC), $1,000,000 Core and $100,000 Cell
1.3 to 1
Single-Parent; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
150.550812
7.425554
international
Text Link
Florida
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent, $250,000; Industrial, $500,000
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-81.760254
27.994402
us-onshore
Text Link
France
Unavailable
6
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
15
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
1.888334
46.603354
international
Text Link
Georgia
1989, updated in 2019
Unavailable
$7,100,000,000
Unavailable
30 days or less
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent, $250,000; Association, $500,000; Agency, $250,000; Industrial Insured, $500,000; and Risk Retention Group, $500,000
Unavailable
Single-Parent; Association; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Risk Retention Groups
56
46
9
Unavailable
Unavailable
1
-82.900075
32.165622
us-onshore
Text Link
Germany
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Non-Life insurers, €2,500,000 (except third-party liability, credit and deposit risks); Non-Life insurers, €3,700,000 (if third-party liability, credit and deposit risks); Life insurers, €3,700,000; Captive Reinsurers, €1,200,000; Life and Non-Life insurance business, €6,200,000 (EU Solvency II Directive)
Unavailable
Single-Parent
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
10.451526
51.165691
international
Text Link
Gibraltar
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
2-3 months
Unavailable
Unavailable
Solvency II in Financial Services Act 2019 and the Financial Services (Insurance Cos.) Regulations 2020; General Business (by class of business), £2,500,000 or £3,700,000; Long-Term Business, £3,700,000
Directive 2009/138/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (Solvency II Directive)
Single-Parent; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Special Purpose
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-5.353585
36.140751
international
Text Link
Guam
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
30-45 days
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent, $50,000; Group, $100,000; Industrial Insured (Stock), $150,000; Protected Cell, $150,000
Single-Parent, $100,000; Group (Stock), $150,000; Industrial Insured/Group (Mutual insurer)/Protected Cells, $200,000
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
144.793731
13.444304
international
Text Link
Hawaii
1987
14
$17,410,794,567
$34,500,000,000
30 days or less
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single Owner (Reinsurance only), $100,000; Single Owners (Direct & Reinsurance), $250,000; Multi-Owner (Association or Risk Retention), $500,000; Sponsored, $500,000
Unavailable
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Special Purpose; Special Purpose Financial
263
237
Unavailable
16
9
10
-155.582782
19.896766
us-onshore
Text Link
Hong Kong
Unavailable
Unavailable
HK$1,754,000,000
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
HK$2,000,000
Greatest of HK$2,000,000 OR 5% of the net premium income OR 5% of the net claims outstanding
Single-Parent
Unavailable
4
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
114.169361
22.319303
international
Text Link
Illinois
Unavailable
Unavailable
$5,900,000
Unavailable
Varies
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent; Association
2
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-89.398528
40.633125
us-onshore
Text Link
Ireland
Unavailable
Unavailable
€1,800,000,000
€7,900,000,000
6 months
Unavailable
Unavailable
Set by Solvency II directive based on the outcome of the Solvency II Own Risk and Solvency Assessment
Set by Solvency II directive based on the outcome of the Solvency II Own Risk and Solvency Assessment
Single-Parent
Unavailable
64
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-8.24389
53.41291
international
Text Link
Isle of Man
Unavailable
Unavailable
£1,000,000,000
Unavailable
Approximately 8 - 12 weeks
Unavailable
Unavailable
Revised risk-based methodology; Restricted, £50,000 + 10% of net written premium up to £2,000,000 + 5% net written premium after £2,000,000; Reinsurance, £100,000; General, Greater of £150,000 or 15% of net written premium
Revised risk-based methodology; Restricted, £50,000; Reinsurance, £100,000; General, £150,000;
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Risk Retention Groups; Special Purpose; Special Purpose Financial
Unavailable
87
Unavailable
Unavailable
7
3
-4.548056
54.236107
international
Text Link
Jersey
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
6 weeks
Unavailable
Unavailable
£100,000 or at discretion of regulator
Property/Casualty, 17.5% of net premiums; Life, 2.5% of long-term business fund
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Risk Retention Groups; Special Purpose; Special Purpose Financial
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-2.13125
49.214439
international
Text Link
Kansas
1988
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
90 days or less
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent, $100,000; Industrial (Stock), $200,000
Single-Parent, $150,000; Industrial (Stock) $300,000; Industrial (Mutual) $500,000
Single-Parent; Association; Risk Retention Groups; Special Purpose Financial
1
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-98.484246
39.011902
us-onshore
Text Link
Kentucky
2000, updated in 2005
Unavailable
$129,000,000
$77,300,000
3 months
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent, $250,000; Consortium/Association, $500,000; Industrial Insured, $500,000; Sponsored, $500,000; Agency, $500,000; Special Purpose, $250,000
3:1
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Risk Retention Groups; Special Purpose
32
23
6
3
Unavailable
Unavailable
-84.27002
37.839333
us-onshore
Text Link
Labuan
Unavailable
5
$624,600,000
Unavailable
30 days
Unavailable
Unavailable
A paid-up capital of a Labuan company unimpaired by losses for the following:; Single-Parent/Group/Association/Multiple, RM 300,000; Rent-A-Captive/Cell, RM 500,000
General, The greater of surplus of assets over liabilities equal to or more than the working funds OR 20% of the net premium income for the preceding year; Life, The greater of surplus of assets over liabilities equal to or more than the working funds OR 3% of latest actuarial valuation of the liabilities
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Special Purpose
Unavailable
37
Unavailable
Unavailable
26
32
115.2305
5.28311
international
Text Link
Liechtenstein
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
3 months
Unavailable
Unavailable
Premium $146,316,000
$13,600,000 by Solvency II requirements
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Risk Retention Groups; Special Purpose; Special Purpose Financial
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
9.555373
47.166
international
Text Link
Louisiana
2008
Unavailable
$424,164,915
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent: $500,000; Association: $1,000,000
Unavailable
Unavailable
3
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-91.962333
30.984298
us-onshore
Text Link
Luxembourg
Unavailable
5
Unavailable
Unavailable
3-6 months
Unavailable
Unavailable
Reinsurance Captives, €1,200,000; Commercial Reinsurer, €3,600,000
Unavailable
Single-Parent; Group
195
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
6.129583
49.815273
international
Text Link
Maine
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent, $200,000; Industrial Insured, $500,000; Association, $750,000; Risk Retention Group, $1,000,000; Sponsored Cell, $750,000
None
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Risk Retention Groups
3
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-69.445469
45.253783
us-onshore
Text Link
Malta
1997, updated in 2009
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
10 weeks
Unavailable
Unavailable
Solvency margin set in accordance with European Union directives
Solvency II requirements
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
14.375416
35.937496
international
Text Link
Mauritius
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
2 weeks
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent, MUR 3,000,000 (US $86,750); Class 1, MUR 5,000,000(US $144,600); Class 2 & 3, MUR 10,000,000 (US $290,000)
Unavailable
Single-Parent; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Special Purpose; Special Purpose Financial
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
57.552152
-20.348404
international
Text Link
Michigan
2008
Unavailable
$3,020,174,788
Unavailable
30 days
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent, $150,000; Single-Parent (Non-Profit), $250,000; Association/Group (Stock), $400,000; Association/Group (Mutual), $750,000; Industrial, $300,000; Homogenous Cells, $500,000 ($150,000 if <10); SPFV, $250,000
Unavailable
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Special Purpose; Special Purpose Financial
26
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-85.602364
44.314844
us-onshore
Text Link
Missouri
2007
4
$8,600,000,000
$16,300,000,000
30 days or less
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent, $250,000; Industrial Insured, $500,000; Association, $500,000; Branch, $250,000; Special Purpose Life Reinsurance, $250,000; Sponsored, $500,000
Discretion of regulator
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Special Purpose Financial
55
44
1
Unavailable
1
1
-91.831833
37.964253
us-onshore
Text Link
Montana
2001
Unavailable
$508,760,000
Unavailable
2-4 weeks
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent, $250,000; Association/Industrial Insured, $500,000; Single-Parent Reinsurance, $125,000; Protected Cell (Homogenous), $500,000 ($150,000 if <10); Special Purpose (Commissioner’s discretion)
Series Captives only, 4:1 premiums to surplus
Single-Parent; Association; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Risk Retention Groups; Special Purpose
262
84
Unavailable
7
154
17
-110.362566
46.879682
us-onshore
Text Link
Nebraska
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
30-45 days
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent; Special Purpose Financial
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-99.901813
41.492537
us-onshore
Text Link
Nevada
1999
7
$380,000,000
Unavailable
30 days or less (if not RRG)
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent, $200,000; Association/Sponsored, $500,000; Agency, $600,000; Rent-a-Captive, $800,000; RRG, $1,000,000 (preferred minimum)
Unavailable
Single-Parent; Association; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Risk Retention Groups; MicroCaptives set up using 831(b) regulations
254
76
7
8
154
5
-116.419389
38.80261
us-onshore
Text Link
Nevis
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
10-14 days
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single owner, $10,000; Multiple Owners (2-4), $20,000; Multiple Owners (5+), $50,000
Unavailable
Single-Parent; Association; Group
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-62.5833
17.15
us-offshore
Text Link
New Jersey
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
30 days
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent, $250,000; Association, $750,000; Industrial, $500,000; Sponsored, $500,000
Unavailable
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-74.405661
40.058324
us-onshore
Text Link
New York
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
$250,000.00
Unavailable
Single-Parent; Risk Retention Groups
Unavailable
37
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-74.005974
40.712776
us-onshore
Text Link
New Zealand
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
20 weeks
Unavailable
Unavailable
Only permits NZ based Captive insurers with insurance business in NZ.
Unavailable
Single-Parent
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
174.885971
-40.900557
international
Text Link
North Carolina
2013
49
$1,600,000,000
Unavailable
2-4 weeks
RRGs examined by NCDOI no less than every 5 years; Other Captive insurers: Not subject to an NCDOI examination schedule (NCDOI uses annual audit reports completed by independent CPAs). Non-RRG Captive insurers, NCDOI's examines when issues can not be resolved through other means.
Travel expenses of examiners
Single-Parent, $250,000; Association/Group, $500,000; RRG, $1,000,000; Cell, $250,000; SPFV, $250,000
Automobile Liability Writers, NCDOI maximum limit of 2:1 premiums to surplus; Other Insurers, Requirement varies depending on business plan
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Risk Retention Groups; Special Purpose; Special Purpose Financial
311
234
Unavailable
10
730
46
-79.0193
35.759573
us-onshore
Text Link
Norway
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
8.468946
60.472024
international
Text Link
Ohio
2014
Unavailable
$3,556,000,000
$6,200,000,000
30 days
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent, $250,000; Protected Cell, $500,000
Based on business model
Single-Parent; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Special Purpose Financial
Unavailable
8
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-82.907123
40.417287
us-onshore
Text Link
Oklahoma
Unavailable
Unavailable
$403,240,000
Unavailable
Under 30 days
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent, $250,000; Association, $750,000; Industrial Insured, $500,000; Sponsored, $500,000; RRG, $1,000,000; Special Purpose & Branch, $250,000 (or determined by the Insurance Commissioner)
Unavailable
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Risk Retention Groups; Special Purpose; Special Purpose Financial
60
34
1
Unavailable
8
2
-97.092877
35.007752
us-onshore
Text Link
Oregon
2012
Unavailable
$1,082,000,000
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent, $250,000; Association, $750,000; Captive Reinsurer, $300,000,000
Unavailable
Single-Parent; Association
14
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-120.554201
43.804133
us-onshore
Text Link
Panama
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
90 days
Unavailable
Unavailable
General Terms, $150,000; Long-Term risks or both, $250,000
Unavailable
Association; Group
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-80.782127
8.537981
international
Text Link
Puerto Rico
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
20 days
Unavailable
Unavailable
Class 1 Single-Parent, $500,000; Class 2 Association, $500,000; Class 3 Protected Cell companies, $500,000 Preferred (No statutory requirement)
Single-Parent (Class 1), 5:1 or amount adjustable by surplus premium relationship to exposure; Association (Class 2), 5:1 or 3:1 regarding third party risk; Protected Cell company (Class 3), 3:1
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Special Purpose; Special Purpose Financial
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-66.590149
18.220833
us-offshore
Text Link
Rhode Island
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent, $100,000; Association, $400,000; Industrial, $200,000
R.I. Gen. Laws § 27-43
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Risk Retention Groups
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-71.477429
41.580095
us-onshore
Text Link
Singapore
Unavailable
3
Unavailable
Unavailable
6 to 8 weeks
Unavailable
Unavailable
SG$400,000 (US $285,000)
Offshore General and Life Business, Assets must not be less than liabilities; Onshore General Business, Surplus of assets over liabilities equal to the highest of SG$400,000 OR 20% previous year's net premiums OR 20% previous year's claims liabilities
Single-Parent
87
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
103.819836
1.352083
international
Text Link
South Carolina
2000
Unavailable
$3,500,000,000
Unavailable
30 days or less
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent, $250,000; Industrial Insured, $500,000 (Stock); Mutual Surplus, $500,000; Association, $500,000 (Stock); Mutual surplus, $750,000; Sponsored, $250,000
Typically 3:1, not greater than 5:1. Depends on the nature, scale, and complexity of the insured risks.
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Risk Retention Groups; Special Purpose; Special Purpose Financial
221
73
1
48
29
13
-81.163725
33.836082
us-onshore
Text Link
South Dakota
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
30 days or less
Unavailable
Unavailable
Trust Captive, $100,000; All other Captive types, $250,000
Trust Captive, $100,000; All Other Captive types, $250,000
Single-Parent; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Special Purpose; Special Purpose Financial
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-99.901813
43.969515
us-onshore
Text Link
St. Lucia
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
60 days
Unavailable
Unavailable
Class A(1), Greater of $100,000 and 10% of net retained annual premium; Class A(2): Greater of $150,000 and 20% of the first $5,000,000 of net retained annual premium + 10% of any net retained annual premium in excess of $5,000,000; Class B, $150,000; Class C(1), Sum of the margin required for Classes A(1) and B; Class C(2), Sum of the margin required for Classes A(2) and B
Unavailable
Single-Parent; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-60.978893
13.909444
us-offshore
Text Link
Sweden
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
18.643501
60.128161
international
Text Link
Switzerland
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent; Group
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
8.227512
46.818188
international
Text Link
Tennessee
1978, rewritten in 2011
Unavailable
$2,410,000,000
Unavailable
Less than 30 days
5 years, reduced if unaudited.
Unavailable
Single-Parent, $250,000; PCC, $100,000; Association/Industrial Insured, $500,000; RRGs, $1,000,000
No statutory guidance
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Risk Retention Groups; Special Purpose; Special Purpose Financial
165
97
2
9
555
57
-86.580447
35.517491
us-onshore
Text Link
Texas
2013
Unavailable
$11,800,000,000
$34,400,000,000
60-120 days
Unavailable
Unavailable
$250,000
Unavailable
Single-Parent
79
77
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-99.901813
31.968599
us-onshore
Text Link
Turks & Caicos Islands
1989
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
4 weeks
Unavailable
Unavailable
$100,000 + Adjustment for company size/business line
Unavailable
Single-Parent; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; MicroCaptives set up using 831(b) regulations
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-71.797928
21.694025
us-offshore
Text Link
U.S. Virgin Islands
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
45 days
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent, $75,000; Industrial Insured (Stock), $100,000; Industrial Insured (Mutual), $100,000; Association International (Stock), $125,000; Association International (Insurer), $125,000
Single-Parent, $100,000; Industrial Insured (Stock), $125,000; Industrial Insured (Mutual), $125,000; Association International (Stock), $125,000; Association International (insurer), $250,000
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Risk Retention Groups; Special Purpose; Special Purpose Financial
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-64.896335
18.335765
us-offshore
Text Link
Utah
2003
38
$3,000,000,000
$7,073,725,450
1-2 weeks (initial review). Certificate of Public Good issued while process is completed.
5 years; All may qualify for audit-in-lieu of examination.
Unavailable
Single-Parent, $250,000; Industrial Insured, $700,000; Association, $750,000; Sponsored, $500,000 with $200,000 from Sponsor/Core
Traditional insurance guidance recommended as a best practice
Single-Parent; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; MicroCaptives set up using 831(b) regulations
439
361
2
Unavailable
57
11
-111.093731
39.32098
us-onshore
Text Link
Vanuatu
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
2 weeks to 3 months
Unavailable
Unavailable
General insurance classes, $100,000; Life and Long-Term insurance classes, $250,000
Ratio of premium to capital, 3/4 to 1.
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
166.959158
-15.376706
international
Text Link
Vermont
1981
38
$31,000,000,000
$231,000,000,000
30 days or less (45 for SPFI)
5 years or more frequently as needed
Unavailable
Single-Parent, $250,000; Sponsored, $100,000; Association/Industrial Insured, $500,000; RRG, $1,000,000; SPFI, $5,000,000
No firm rules. Starts with 3:1 with explanation if different leverage is appropriate.
Single-Parent; Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Risk Retention Groups; Special Purpose
659
405
15
85
534
62
-72.577841
44.558803
us-onshore
Text Link
Virginia
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
90 - 120 days
Unavailable
Unavailable
Stock companies, $1,000,000
Non-Stock companies $4,000,000
Single-Parent; Association
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-78.656894
37.431573
us-onshore
Text Link
West Virginia
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
60 days
Unavailable
Unavailable
Single-Parent, $100,000/$150,000; Association, $350,000/$350,000; Association (Mutual), $0/$600,000; Industrial Insured, $250,000/$250,000; Industrial Insured (Mutual), $0/$400,000
Unavailable
Association; Group; Protected Cell/Segregated Portfolio companies; Risk Retention Groups; Special Purpose
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
-80.454903
38.597626
us-onshore
Text Link

Captives & The IRS

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Captives & The IRS: A Landmark Battle Reshaping Captive Insurance Law

Avrahami v. The IRS teaches crucial lessons on compliance, structure, and transparency in captive insurance.
XN Captive
|
July 31, 2024
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Introduction: An American Success Story

The remarkable journey of Benyamin Avrahami, from a fleeing immigrant to a successful entrepreneur, culminates in a contentious legal battle with the IRS following his venture into captive insurance. This overview highlights the pivotal moments and complexities of his experience.

The Avrahami Timeline
1974
Immigration
Benyamin Avrahami and his family immigrate to the United States from Iran.
Late 1970s to Early 1980s
Education and Business Foundation
Benyamin studies business and gemology, eventually founding American Findings Corporation, a company that supplies jewelry components.
1980s to 1990s
Expansion into Retail
Benyamin purchases a distressed jewelry store, London Gold, marking his entry into retail sales.
Early 2000s
Diversification
Benyamin incorporates a real estate company with his brother, expanding his business ventures.
November 2007
Captive Insurance Creation
Benyamin executes a retainer agreement with Clark & Gentry to establish a captive insurance company named Feedback in St. Kitts.
2009
Start of Risk Pooling Schemes
Benyamin executes a retainer agreement with Clark & Gentry to establish a captive insurance company named Feedback in St. Kitts.
2012
IRS Investigation Begins
The IRS starts investigating Celia Clark’s law firm to assess whether she was liable for promoting tax shelters.
2015
ATH Act Legislation:
Congress passes the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act, which introduces new regulations affecting 831(b) captive insurance companies.
2017
Tax Court Case:
Benyamin Avrahami takes his case against the IRS to Tax Court, focusing on whether Feedback provided "insurance" in a tax-acceptable manner.
April 2021
IRS Assessment:
The IRS completes its examination, assessing over $11 million in penalties against Clark for her involvement in structuring 831(b) captive insurance companies.
2007 - 2021

From Asylum to Industry

After fleeing to the United States from Israel in 1974, Benyamin Avrahami pursued a higher education in business and gemology. This foundation laid the groundwork for his future expansion in the jewelry industry.

Building An Empire

Benyamin established American Findings Corporation, a supplier of components for jewelry, which later evolved into the purchase of London Gold, a retail jewelry store.

Diversifying Interests

Beyond jewelry, Benyamin ventured into real estate, broadening his portfolio and creating a diverse financial base to ensure stability and growth.

Introduction to Captive Insurance

Facing growing needs for sophisticated financial management, Benyamin was introduced to Celia Clark, an estate planning and captive insurance law expert, who suggested setting up a captive insurance company to manage risks efficiently and benefit from favorable tax treatments.

The Rise of Feedback

Feedback, the captive insurance company initiated by Clark, wrote a variety of insurance coverages, including:

  • Business income interruption
  • Employee fidelity liability
  • Litigation expense
  • Loss of key employee
  • Tax indemnity
  • Administrative actions coverage
  • Business risk indemnity


This setup allowed for strategic financial planning and tax benefits.

Controversial Practices and IRS Scrutiny

Feedback's involvement in a risk distribution program, particularly once it decided to offer terrorism insurance, attracted IRS attention. The agency scrutinized the legitimacy of Feedback’s practices, questioning their validity as genuine insurance operations.

The IRS's scrutiny culminated in a court case, Avrahami vs. Commissioner, which challenged Feedback's status as a legitimate insurance company. This landmark case examined what constitutes "insurance" in the commonly accepted sense, whether Feedback’s practices adhered to established insurance principles, and ultimately whether Feedback should be recognized as a legitimate insurance company for tax purposes.

The following table includes the main issue at trial, and summarizes the arguments from both parties:

The Fallout and Ongoing Legal Implications

The IRS won. 


Following the Tax Court’s unfavorable decision in the Avrahami vs. Commissioner case, Celia Clark and her firm faced significant repercussions. The IRS assessed over $11 million in penalties against Clark for her role in promoting what they deemed were improper tax shelters under the guise of captive insurance. 


This decision underscored the IRS's stance against what it perceives as abusive microcaptive arrangements, particularly those that do not meet the stringent requirements for risk distribution and the definition of “insurance” in the commonly accepted sense.


This court ruling also catalyzed a reevaluation of captive insurance practices, influencing both legislative and regulatory frameworks. 


The Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes (PATH) Act that was passed in 2015 included new restrictions specifically designed to curb abuses in the captive insurance sector, particularly affecting small captives making an 831(b) election.


The ongoing legal Implications for the Captive Insurance Industry include:


  • Regulatory Changes: There is a stronger emphasis now on compliance and documentation, especially concerning the demonstration of risk distribution and actual insurance risk.
  • Audit and Compliance Risks: Companies using captive insurance must now be more diligent in their operations and documentation to avoid falling into the category of tax avoidance schemes.
  • Increased Scrutiny: The IRS has since heightened its scrutiny of captive insurance companies, particularly those involving family-related entities and small-scale operations.


Note: The IRS interest in the Avrahami case is centered around taxation. That is to say, the 831(b) election is exactly that, an election. Qualifying captives can choose not to make the election, particularly in the first several years while establishing an operational track record, and likely significantly reduce the related IRS scrutiny.

Reflections and the Path Forward

The Avrahami case serves as a critical learning point for companies considering captive insurance as part of their risk management and tax planning strategies. The main lessons to be drawn from the case emphasize the importance of compliance, proper structure, and transparency.

Summary of Lessons Learned

  1. Adherence to Risk Distribution Requirements:
This is a key component that the IRS uses to determine the validity of a captive as a real insurance company. Strategies for proper risk distribution include:
    • Reinsurance: Allows a captive to spread its risk by transferring portions of it to other insurance entities.
    • Fronting Arrangements: Fronting carriers issue policies on behalf of the captive, facilitating regulatory compliance and market entry.
    • Risk Pools: Captives often join risk pools, where multiple captives share their risks by pooling among the members.
    • Diversifying Underwritten Risks: Captives can write a variety of insurance products across different industries or geographic regions. This diversification inherently spreads risk by reducing dependence on a single type of risk or market.
    • Using Multiple Captives: Larger organizations may establish multiple captive insurance companies, each designed to cover different types of risks, thereby spreading out exposures across their operations.

  2. Documentation and Support for Premium Calculations:
    • Premiums must be set based on sound actuarial principles and must be justifiable in a court of law or to regulatory bodies. Companies should ensure that their premium calculations are backed by credible, independent actuarial reports.
  3. Avoiding Conflicts of Interest:
    • Ensuring that captive management companies, actuaries, and insured entities operate independently of one another to avoid conflicts of interest and ensure arm's length transactions.
  4. Compliance with Evolving Legislation:
    • Staying informed and compliant with the latest tax laws and regulations affecting captives is crucial. Legislative environments can evolve, particularly in response to perceived abuses.
  5. Management Practices:
    • Operating with transparent and ethical practices can avoid legal pitfalls similar to those experienced by Clark and Avrahami.

The Path Forward

The future of captive insurance remains robust, but only for those who know how to navigate regulatory expectations. 


Businesses must engage with a skilled captive management firm to navigate the complexities. With expertise in risk management, compliance, and operations, captive managers are an invaluable part of the equation. 


Furthermore, ongoing education and adjustment to emerging regulations and case law are vital to maintain the viability and effectiveness of captives as a strategic risk management tool.

Conclusion: A Cautionary Tale of Ambition vs. Regulation

Benyamin Avrahami's journey from an immigrant to a target of IRS scrutiny encapsulates the complex interplay between entrepreneurship and regulatory oversight in American business. His experience highlights the perils when walking the fine line between “the letter of the law” and the “spirit” of it.

The case of Celia Clark and Benyamin Avrahami is a lasting reminder (and likely a deliberate one from the IRS) that legal strategies, while perhaps permissible, are not always prudent. Regulators can decide when and where to adjudicate the law, and prospective captive owners would be well-advised to play it safe.

Even without stretching the possibilities to the limit, captives offer tremendous value to qualifying businesses. Adopting a proactive, informed approach to captive planning, formation, and management, emphasized by transparency, integrity, and expert guidance can draw clear lines to safely balance your captive ambitions.

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